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Numerous other Scientologist-run services and organizations belong to the umbrella company World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which accredits the usage of Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directory sites of WISE-affiliated services. WISE requires those who wish to end up being Hubbard management consults to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the schools of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers a Partner of Applied Science Degree.
This section requires growth. You can help by contributing to it. In order to facilitate the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or reputable people. Scientology. Though it has obtained some credibility as a religious beliefs in lots of nations, Scientology has actually also been described as both a cult and a company.
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For instance, it has been noted to take part in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by identifying as Level playing field individuals it views as its opponents. In 1979, a number of Scientology members were convicted for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the largest theft of government files in U.S.
Scientologists were also founded guilty of fraud, murder and damaging witnesses in French cases, malicious libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, religious scholar Jacob Neusner specifies that Scientology's "high level of presence" might be perceived as "threatening to established social organizations".
From 1952 till 1966, Scientology was administered by a company called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was included in California on February 18, 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.
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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were business and operated for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, however its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).
Centers of Scientology were in 52 nations by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to restore its tax-exempt status. The case was eventually settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than IRS had at first demandedand the IRS recognized the church as a tax-exempt not-for-profit organization.
Scientology cites its tax exemption as proof the United States federal government accepts it as a religious beliefs. In January 2009, elimination of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the inbound Barack Obama administration to examine, as identified in a web survey run by the governmental shift team getting public input for the inbound administration.
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Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of specific aspects of legal protection for the CoS in 1968 you can try here and the Workplace of The Guardian was produced with its head office situated at Saint Hill Manor - Church of Scientology Perth. Under The Guardian's Office (later on relabelled the Workplace of Unique Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later arranged and dedicated among the largest penetration of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by a company not connected with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).
In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution described their actions as such: The crime devoted by these offenders is of a breadth and scope previously unheard of. No structure, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and spying. No person or organization was complimentary from their despicable conspiratorial minds.
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The Church has also in the past made use of aggressive strategies in resolving those it views as trying to suppress them, called Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially detailed by Hubbard as part of a policy called level playing field. Scientology Perth. It was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its creator.
Using blank paper understood to have actually been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb dangers in her name. When finger prints on them matched hers, the Justice Department began prosecution, which could have sent out Cooper to prison image source for a prolonged term. The Church's strategy was discovered at the very same time as its Operation Snow White actions were exposed.